Four maps which speak a thousand words...

The USGS is undeniably one of the most authoritative bodies in the world, when it comes to seismic studies. In its tectonic summary of the Himalaya and its vicinity, it states "The northward under thrusting of India beneath Eurasia generates numerous earthquakes and consequently makes this area one of the most seismically hazardous regions on Earth."
Unfortunately, the subduction zone running from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh (see map above or pdf file here) passes almost directly below where we live (Darjeeling-Sikkim position in above map is approximate and not from USGS).

In India, the IMD is responsible for seismicity of the region and the seismic map of India with a focus on the Darjeeling-Sikkim region is placed above.

The GSI is the nodal body in the country looking after landslide hazards and as per them, the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya is amongst the most hazardous areas (see above) in the country with regard to landslides.
Dr David Petley is a world authority on landslides and we consider an honour that STH has been featured a number of times on his famous landslide blog

Placed above is his map on fatal landslides in Asia and without a doubt, he states the most fatalities  in the world due to landslides takes place along the ' southern edge of the Himalayan arc' - which is, sadly where we live.

What never ceases to amaze me is how in the face of such stark, cold scientific evidence and the huge spurt in disaster along the Himalayas, we still continue to bury our heads in the sand and think disasters can happen to everyone - except us.

Praful Rao,
Kalimpong,
Dist Darjeeling

Nepal Earthquake: Some questions and answers from an expert regarding the 16May2015 aftershocks felt in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya

On  16May2015, we in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya felt two aftershocks and after checking their positions in the USGS map, I could not help feeling the 'epicentre' of the aftershocks had shifted eastwards towards us. I posed this question to Dr Malay Mukul of IIT Mumbai; placed below are my questions/statements (in Italics) and Dr Mukul's answers :-

1. Can't even imagine how it must be in Nepal; we in the Darjeeling-Sikkim region felt 2 aftershocks on 16May2015 (centred East of Banepa at 0920h IST and North of Ramechhap at 1704h IST).

Nepal obviously is feeling the brunt of it. Again, for a 7.3 triggered shock one would expect aftershocks typically up to 6.3. For the two events we have had the following:-



Fig 1(above): The epicentral plot of the main events and the major aftershocks associated with the Nepal 2015 Earthquake.
For 7.8 event we had 6.1, 6.6, and 6.7 aftershocks. For the 7.3 we have had 6.3 and 5.7. So far no real anomalies except that 7.8 shock triggered a 7.3 event farther east. The aftershocks associated with the 7.3 event were located near the epicenter of the 7.3 event so nothing abnormal about that. The orange event (Fig 1) was yesterday's aftershock. Pretty much within the cluster. Not suggesting that the rupture is going farther east. At least not yet!

2. What I find disturbing is the fact that the aftershock 'epicentres' SEEM to be moving from west of Kathmandu initially, eastwards towards our area.Which I think you also pointed out in yr last letter (published here). Can this be correct?

Yes! The aftershocks did tend to follow the Main Himalayan fault (MHT) from west to east. However, the map below (Fig 2) shows that apart from the Mirik event (27Apr2015), the earthquakes have been clustered within the area more or less defined by the two 7+ events. So I would say, no evidence of the aftershocks propagating farther east as of now. If aftershocks transcend the East and Central Nepal boundary, we really need to start worrying.



Fig 2: Epicentral plots of the main events and the aftershocks associated with the Nepal earthquake 2015.

3. Without being an alarmist, I do hope our administration and political leaders are aware of the possibilities and consequences should an event take place here- having served in the IAF and worked in disaster management, I believe it is better to overreact in crisis situations rather than not react at all.

I agree that we need to have a realistic disaster management plan in place in our region both in the short and the long term. That is the least we can do in the light of the fact that we have been made acutely aware of our vulnerability to big Himalayan earthquakes by the Nepal 2015 event and future projections of a 8.2 to 8.7 earthquake in our part of the Himalaya (Fig 3).


Fig 3: Darjiling-Sikkim is projected to be vulnerable to a 8.2 decollement earthquake in the future.
 ___________________________

Praful Rao,
Kalimpong,
Dist Darjeeling

Update (28Apr2015) : List of Aftershocks and other Quakes in our region

Red dot shows induced earthquake at Mirik (Darjeeling dist, W Bengal)

Source of top data sheet : IMetD

Praful Rao,
Kalimpong,
Dist Darjeeling